Karl Kautsky's Theory of Agricultural Modernization and its Contemporary Value-A Reconsideration based on Land Issues

Abstract

Karl Kautsky's "The Question of Land" systematically constructs the classical paradigm of Marxist agricultural transformation theory. This theoretical framework comprises four core components: the "Triple Nature of Capital Infiltration," the "Dialectics of Large and Small Production," the "Paradox of Technological Intensification," and the "Urban-Rural Symbiotic Dependency Structure." It thoroughly analyzes and critically examines the structural contradictions inherent in the process of capitalist agricultural modernization. Kautsky's agricultural modernization philosophy transcends the mechanical historical view of the "disappearance of smallholder farming," innovatively proposing a progressive evolutionary model characterized by "stratified disintegration and resilient persistence." His profound exposure of capital logic distorting land relations, early warnings about technological alienation, and in-depth analysis of unequal urban-rural exchanges have enriched the Marxist theoretical treasury of agricultural modernization. These contributions provide crucial theoretical references for contemporary China to resolve the modernization dilemma of "large country with small farmers," mitigate risks of excessive capital expansion, and facilitate the organic integration of smallholder farmers into the modern agricultural system. Re-examining Kautsky's agricultural modernization thought holds significant theoretical value and far-reaching practical implications for developing China-specific theories and practices in agricultural modernization.